三峡库区沉积物中镍污染特征评价

截至2017年10月,三峡库区已连续第8年实现175 m蓄水目标.为了研究三峡库区在175 m运行条件下,基于不同水文情势Ni的时空变化,探求水库调度运行对库区内Ni含量的影响,并建立库区水环境中Ni元素污染评价体系.于2015年12月至2017年6月连续4个水期采集水体表层沉积物共173个,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了沉积物中的Ni含量,发现三峡库区4个水期沉积物中Ni的平均含量均高于长江流域沉积物背景值和土壤背景值;从空间变化看,干流Ni含量从上游至下游呈增加趋势,支流Ni含量高于干流,且下游支流的Ni含量明显高于上、中游;从时间变化看,在175 m运行条件下,Ni含量较为稳定,且有降低的趋势,此外沉积物中Ni含量并未因枯、丰水期的影响而产生明显变化;同时建立了三峡库区Ni的地球化学基线模型,连续4个水期沉积物中Ni的基线值分别为47. 0、44. 2、42. 9和41. 9 mg·kg~(-1),位于中、下游的干、支流Ni含量明显受到人类活动的影响;分别以Ni的全球背景值,长江沉积物背景值和地球化学基线值为参考值进行污染评价对比,采用地积累指数法研究发现,三峡库区水环境除干流沿岸的丰都县和秭归县归州镇附近存在Ni的无至中度污染,其余均不存在污染;采用潜在生态风险评价方法发现Ni含量存在轻微潜在生态危害.采用地球化学基线值为参考比采用全球背景值和长江沉积物背景值得到的评价结果更科学,更能适应不同地域的时空变化.     

ICP-MS法测定环境空气TSP中铬镍铜的不确定度评定研究

对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定环境空气TSP中铬、镍、铜的过程中可能引入的不确定度分量,包括样品采集体积、样品消解、定容体积、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、重复测定等进行分析和评定,并得出扩展不确定度.结果显示,对于铬、镍、铜,样品消解和曲线拟合引入的不确定度最大,其次是重复测定和孔口流量校准器的流量校准,采样器重复性和消解定容的不确定度最小.为ICP-MS法测量环境空气TSP重金属元素的质量控制和不确定度评定提供参考依据.     

Pd/GO/Ni电极的制备及对2,4-二氯酚的降解研究

为去除持久性氯代有机污染物2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),利用电化学沉积法制备了一种新型钯/氧化石墨烯/泡沫镍(Pd/GO/Ni)电极,并通过电化学法降解2,4-二氯酚,取得良好的效果。通过扫描电镜等表征手段观察其表面形貌。结果表明:氧化石墨烯浓度为10 mol/L是制备Pd/GO/Ni电极的最佳浓度,p H为3时,Pd/GO/Ni电极对2,4-二氯酚的去除率达到90.7%。     

改性聚乙烯醇吸附镍离子的动力学与热力学研究

研究了自制改性聚乙烯醇对Ni~(2+)的吸附行为,在不同的吸附条件下,探讨相关因素的影响,并对实验数据进行动力学与热力学的拟合。结果表明,室温下,在溶液p H=6.0,NaNO_3的浓度为0.1 mol/L,吸附时间为60 min,液固比为250 m L/g,改性聚乙烯醇对浓度为0.1 mol/L Ni2+的吸附效果好,去除率达到98.05%;当干扰因子设定为0.1 mol/L的Ca(NO_3)_2,对Ni2+的去除率降到59.29%。改性聚乙烯醇对Ni2+的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程;Langmuir等温模型的拟合度较高,推测改性聚乙烯醇表面是均一的等质体,计算的最大吸附量为1.35 mmol/g,与实验结果一致;D-R等温模型的拟合度次之,在各温度下,E16 k J/mol,说明改性聚乙烯醇对Ni2+的吸附是以化学吸附为主。通过Van’t Hoff方程的拟合,计算得到的吉布斯自由能以及熵变和焓变表明该吸附过程为吸热化学反应。     

Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas for conservation of lake fish communities

Freshwater protected areas are rare even though freshwater ecosystems are among the most imperiled in the world. Conservation actions within terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) such as development or resource extraction regulations may spill over to benefit freshwater ecosystems within their boundaries. Using data from 175 lakes across Ontario, Canada, we compared common indicators of fish‐assemblage status (i.e., species richness, Shannon diversity index, catch per unit effort, and normalized‐length size spectrum slopes) to evaluate whether TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages. Nearest neighbor cluster analysis was used to generate pairs of lakes: inside versus outside, inside versus bordering, and bordering versus outside TPAs based on lake characteristics. The diversity and abundance indicators did not differ significantly across comparisons, but normalized‐length size spectrum slopes (NLSS) were significantly steeper in lakes outside parks. The latter indicated assemblage differences (greater abundances of small‐bodied species) and less‐efficient energy transfer through the trophic levels of assemblages outside parks. Although not significantly different, pollution‐ and turbidity‐tolerant species were more abundant outside parks, whereas 3 of the 4 pollution‐intolerant species were more abundant within parks. Twenty‐one percent of the difference in slopes was related to higher total dissolved solids concentrations and angling pressure. Our results support the hypothesis that TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages and suggest that NLSS slopes are informative indicators for aquatic protected area evaluations because they represent compositional and functional aspects of communities.     

洪泽湖流域洪涝灾害演变趋势及其与El Nio事件关系

为分析洪泽湖流域洪涝灾害在千年尺度序列上的演变趋势，采用统计历史洪涝记录的方法，分析了气候变化背景下洪涝灾害的响应过程，探讨了洪泽湖流域洪涝灾害同El Nio事件的关系。结果表明：近1 000 a来洪泽湖流域洪涝灾害的频度总体是趋于上升的，这种变化趋势同气候变化的趋势是一致的。研究结果显示：公元1000~1400年洪涝记录偏少，同我国东部地区尤其是中世纪暖期出现的一次200 a以上的干旱化过程有较好的对应性。1400~1800年是洪泽湖流域洪涝的多发期，这一事实同我国东部1550~1850年小冰期期间总体偏湿的环境特征相一致。分析洪涝灾害变化同El Nio事件对应性关系表明：在El Nio事件年及其次年是洪泽湖流域洪涝的多发年份。这可能是由于El Nio事件通过改变西太平洋副高的强度与位置，以及大气环流形势而引起的降水异常所致。了解洪泽湖流域洪涝的演变趋势及其同El Nio的关系对于长期防灾减灾策略具有重要的参考意义。     

Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary

There are many barriers to using science to inform conservation policy and practice. Conservation scientists wishing to produce management‐relevant science must balance this goal with the imperative of demonstrating novelty and rigor in their science. Decision makers seeking to make evidence‐based decisions must balance a desire for knowledge with the need to act despite uncertainty. Generating science that will effectively inform management decisions requires that the production of information (the components of knowledge) be salient (relevant and timely), credible (authoritative, believable, and trusted), and legitimate (developed via a process that considers the values and perspectives of all relevant actors) in the eyes of both researchers and decision makers. We perceive 3 key challenges for those hoping to generate conservation science that achieves all 3 of these information characteristics. First, scientific and management audiences can have contrasting perceptions about the salience of research. Second, the pursuit of scientific credibility can come at the cost of salience and legitimacy in the eyes of decision makers, and, third, different actors can have conflicting views about what constitutes legitimate information. We highlight 4 institutional frameworks that can facilitate science that will inform management: boundary organizations (environmental organizations that span the boundary between science and management), research scientists embedded in resource management agencies, formal links between decision makers and scientists at research‐focused institutions, and training programs for conservation professionals. Although these are not the only approaches to generating boundary‐spanning science, nor are they mutually exclusive, they provide mechanisms for promoting communication, translation, and mediation across the knowledge–action boundary. We believe that despite the challenges, conservation science should strive to be a boundary science, which both advances scientific understanding and contributes to decision making. Logrando que la Ciencia de la Conservación Trasponga la Frontera Conocimiento‐Acción     

高效液相色谱法测定水和废水中邻(对)硝基氯苯

用高效液相色谱法测定了水和废水中的邻 (对 )硝基氯苯。流动相为甲醇 /水 (70 /3 0 ) ,紫外检测波长 2 2 0 nm,方法的线性范围为 0～ 1 0 0 μg/ml,相关系数大于 0 .9998,检测限为 2 μg/L。本方法快速、准确 ,满足地面水的测定要求     

The Capacity of Australia's Protected‐Area System to Represent Threatened Species

Abstract: The acquisition or designation of new protected areas is usually based on criteria for representation of different ecosystems or land‐cover classes, and it is unclear how well‐threatened species are conserved within protected‐area networks. Here, we assessed how Australia's terrestrial protected‐area system (89 million ha, 11.6% of the continent) overlaps with the geographic distributions of threatened species and compared this overlap against a model that randomly placed protected areas across the continent and a spatially efficient model that placed protected areas across the continent to maximize threatened species’ representation within the protected‐area estate. We defined the minimum area needed to conserve each species on the basis of the species’ range size. We found that although the current configuration of protected areas met targets for representation of a given percentage of species’ ranges better than a random selection of areas, 166 (12.6%) threatened species occurred entirely outside protected areas and target levels of protection were met for only 259 (19.6%) species. Critically endangered species were among those with the least protection; 12 (21.1%) species occurred entirely outside protected areas. Reptiles and plants were the most poorly represented taxonomic groups, and amphibians the best represented. Spatial prioritization analyses revealed that an efficient protected‐area system of the same size as the current protected‐area system (11.6% of the area of Australia) could meet representation targets for 1272 (93.3%) threatened species. Moreover, the results of these prioritization analyses showed that by protecting 17.8% of Australia, all threatened species could reach target levels of representation, assuming all current protected areas are retained. Although this amount of area theoretically could be protected, existing land uses and the finite resources available for conservation mean land acquisition may not be possible or even effective for the recovery of threatened species. The optimal use of resources must balance acquisition of new protected areas, where processes that threaten native species are mitigated by the change in ownership or on‐ground management jurisdiction, and management of threatened species inside and outside the existing protected‐area system.     

Adsorption characteristics of Cu and Ni on Irish peat moss

Peat has been widely used as a low cost adsorbent to remove a variety of materials including organic compounds and heavy metals from water. Various functional groups in lignin allow such compounds to bind on active sites of peat. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) from aqueous solutions on Irish peat moss was studied both as a pure ion and from their binary mixtures under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions in the concentration range of 5-100mg/L. The pH of the solutions containing either Cu(2+) or Ni(2+) was varied over a range of 2-8. The adsorption of Cu(2+) and Ni(+2) on peat was found to be pH dependent. The adsorption data could be fitted to a two-site Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of peat was determined to be 17.6 mg/g for Cu(2+) and 14.5mg/g for Ni(2+) at 298 K when the initial concentration for both Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) was 100mg/L, and the pH of the solution was 4.0 and 4.5, respectively. Column studies were conducted to generate breakthrough data for both pure component and binary mixtures of copper and nickel. Desorption experiments showed that 2mM EDTA solution could be used to remove all of the adsorbed copper and nickel from the bed.